The treatment of investment risk in corporate pension plans probably is the least satisfactory area in the establishment of investment objectives. In spite of all the work published on risk in the investment literature of the past several years, risk tolerance often is not specified in setting investment objectives. Sometimes, statements of risk are made in general terms (e.g., the fund should not suffer a loss in any designated period) or a maximum tolerable decline in asset value is specified. Such specifications of risk are very difficult for an investment manager to deal with. (more…)

There are two traditional ways to value pension plan assets, i.e., market value and book value (cost). The actuary has always been skeptical about using market value due to the frequency of large short-term swings in security prices. In order to use market value properly, the actuary should value the liabilities at market also, which implies changing the interest rate assumption each year to meet the changing condition of the securities marketplace. This approach is, in fact, what is encouraged by FASB No. 35, which requires market value of assets to be used for disclosure purposes. There is an illusion of accuracy connected with market values because of the assumption that securities could be converted to cash at published prices. In fact, it is questionable whether any large fund could be liquidated with rapidity and if many tried to do so simultaneously, the entire securities market would collapse. (more…)

With respect to investments, the first task of the corporate sponsor is to set return objectives and broad definitions of characteristics for the investment portfolio that receives the corporate contribution. Setting investment objectives by the corporation for the investment manager or managers was not always considered an important function of the corporate sponsor; objective setting frequently was left to the discretion of the investment manager. However, as funds have grown in size, setting investment objectives has assumed increased importance; written objectives are prepared and then reviewed at regular intervals. Unfortunately, objectives often are stated in very vague terms, such as obtaining the maximum return consistent with prudence. Nevertheless, this problem is getting increased attention, and more specific directions may be expected in the future. (more…)

Employer-sponsored defined benefit pension plans in which the benefit is defined by account value rather than monthly lifetime retirement income. Cash balance plans are often referred to as “hybrids” because they have some of the characteristics of traditional “defined benefit” (DB) pension plans and some of the characteristics of “defined contribution” (DC) plans, such as 401(k). In general, traditional defined benefit plans promise qualified employees an income benefit for life (or some other period) starting at “normal retirement age,” without regard to how much (or little) the employer must contribute to the plan to fund the benefit. Defined contribution plans, on the other hand, promise only how much the employer will contribute to a qualified employee’s account from time to time until the employee retires but they make no promises with regard to investment earnings or results, let alone a monthly income benefit for life. (more…)

In the late 1980s, the U.S. Department of Labor’s Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), the government agency that calculates the Consumer Price Index, was directed by Congress to calculate an experimental Consumer Price Index for the Elderly (CPI E). This experimental index for Americans 62 years old and older is based on existing data, re-weighted to reflect expenditure patterns in the older population. A comparison with published CPIs found that older adults experienced a higher rate of inflation from 1983 through 1999 than the rates reported for either the CPI W or the CPI U. However, it is important to remember that the Consumer Price Index for the Elderly is an experimental index and is not regularly published by the BLS. (more…)

“Portable,” as defined in Webster’s Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary, means “capable of being transported or conveyed.” A portable retirement account would allow you to move it from one employer to another without any discernible detriment to you. As a rule, employers in either the not-for-profit or the for-profit sector rarely permit employees to bring retirement plans from previous employers to their new positions. On occasion, Congress has debated enacting legislation that would allow for the creation of individual pension accounts that could be moved from one employer to another. (more…)

In this part, we describe the various distribution options that are avail able for the withdrawal of your TIAA-CREF accumulation after you have retired. The rules governing almost all of these options originate in the Code. Again, we will try our best to describe them in nontechnical terms.

The transition from a working environment to retirement poses financial as well as emotional challenges. (more…)

In later years, many employers have also turned to outside investment product providers and offer their services either parallel to or instead of the insurance products provided by TIAA-CREF. If you choose one of these investment products, you will not be contributing to an Retirement Annuity. You will have a separate account with the investment firm, but it will exist within the overarching structure of your employer’s retirement plan. Your employer may choose to allocate all matches to an accumulation in a TIAA-CREF Retirement Annuity, or it may choose to contribute the match to your account with the alternative investment provider. Again, this is depends on how your employer has constructed the plan. (more…)

We have alluded to the Transfer Payout Annuity from time to time, and now it gets the attention it clearly deserves. The Transfer Payout Annuity is literally an annuity, and it represents the mechanism by which funds are transferred from a TIAA accumulation to either one of the other investment choices in the TIAA-CREF family or as a taxable distribution after age 59 1/2 to the participant. (more…)

As the name indicates, a Supplemental Retirement Annuity (the “SRA”) operates as an adjunct to your Retirement Annuity. If your employer offers an Supplemental Retirement Annuity, you have the opportunity to augment your retirement stash on a tax-deferred basis through a salary deferral agreement, provided you are within the contribution limitations stipulated by law. Again, your benefits office will be able to advise you as to how large a percentage of your salary you may contribute to your Supplemental Retirement Annuity. Not all institutions offer the SRA. If your employer is one who does, try your hardest to take advantage of this feature of your employer’s plan. (more…)