The only way to pass a TIAA-CREF account beyond the current generation requires that you elect not to annuitize. You must instead elect the Minimum Distribution Option, because that avoids the conversion of the account into a premium. The first benefit, assuming that this comports with your values and resources, is that you will have responsibility for your own financial destiny. To underline the point, you have rejected the safety net of a lifetime annuity and have chosen instead to take distributions at your own pace, subject to the governmentally prescribed minimum. (more…)

Single life annuity—or “One-Life Annuity,” as it is called in TIAA-CREF’s documentation—guarantees that you will have income for the rest of your life. Given the size of the monthly payment, it benefits those who have not had an opportunity to accumulate large retirement accounts and run the risk of outliving their assets. The one-life alternative seems obviously appropriate for single people who either do not wish or are not in a position to pass retirement assets on to heirs or charity. They also do not have another person for whom they want to provide an income after their death. (more…)

In developing a retirement plan there are several factors to consider in addition to the amount you need or want to save.

1. Income Taxes.

The above discussion did not take into consideration income taxes. You might have to save more if you have to pay income taxes on all or part of your retirement benefit or your contributions. Distributions from qualified employer plans are always subject to retirement income tax. (more…)

Once the investment objectives are set, the next decision involves distribution of the plan’s assets. This process is twofold: selecting the types of assets to be used and then determining the amount to be invested in each type.

In the United States, the preponderance of pension plans is invested in familiar financial assets such as bonds, stocks, and cash equivalents. However, investment is growing in other types of financial instruments, such as guaranteed investment contracts, private placements, venture capital investments and options. (more…)

The treatment of investment risk in corporate pension plans probably is the least satisfactory area in the establishment of investment objectives. In spite of all the work published on risk in the investment literature of the past several years, risk tolerance often is not specified in setting investment objectives. Sometimes, statements of risk are made in general terms (e.g., the fund should not suffer a loss in any designated period) or a maximum tolerable decline in asset value is specified. Such specifications of risk are very difficult for an investment manager to deal with. (more…)

The final task in the area of investments is to establish a monitoring system to evaluate investment performance and to determine whether the fund’s investment objectives have been met. This topic is the subject of a separate monograph published by the Financial Analysts Research Foundation, and it will not be covered at any length here. However, a few comments are pertinent. (more…)

These strategies can help recover lost income and/or assets following one or more of the life events described above. These strategies can also be used by late savers to make up for lost time and to prepare for a comfortable retirement.

Increase Contributions to Tax-Deferred Retirement Savings Plans. The 2001 tax law increased annual contribution limits for IRAs and employer 401(k), 403(b), and Section 457 plans, at least through 2010. Just a 1% increase in the amount of pay diverted to savings can result in thousands of additional dollars at retirement. Americans contributed an average of $3,514 to 401(k) plans in 2001 (Opdyke and Higgins 2002). The maximum plan contribution limits are $12,000 in 2003, $13,000 in 2004, $14,000 in 2005, $15,000 in 2006, and higher amounts adjusted for inflation thereafter. (more…)

The conventional approach to pension asset management and asset allocation in retirement assumes that one pool of invested pension assets should be regarded as a single portfolio (although possibly with multiple investment managers) having a single level of risk tolerance and acting as an offset to a single pool of pension liabilities. However, the estimated magnitude of the pension liabilities is something less than precise and establishing investment objectives to meet such an uncertain target is not easy. Some corporations have met this problem by making distinctions among the liabilities and offsetting each pool of liabilities with a separate portfolio with appropriate risk and return objectives. (more…)

With respect to investments, the first task of the corporate sponsor is to set return objectives and broad definitions of characteristics for the investment portfolio that receives the corporate contribution. Setting investment objectives by the corporation for the investment manager or managers was not always considered an important function of the corporate sponsor; objective setting frequently was left to the discretion of the investment manager. However, as funds have grown in size, setting investment objectives has assumed increased importance; written objectives are prepared and then reviewed at regular intervals. Unfortunately, objectives often are stated in very vague terms, such as obtaining the maximum return consistent with prudence. Nevertheless, this problem is getting increased attention, and more specific directions may be expected in the future. (more…)

Sense of financial security in retirement will elude anyone who worries about what will happen to them when someone else dies. Whether the risk is loss of investment expertise, the absolute loss of income (e.g., because a pension benefit has no survivor benefit), the loss of assets to probate and estate taxes, or other circumstance of financial loss, providing for survivors is an element of financial security in retirement. (more…)