Although practices may differ with respect to the involvement of the corporate sponsor in objective setting and asset allocation retirement, selection of investment managers is rarely delegated. In terms of dollars of assets, most funds are managed by investment managers outside of the corporation, inasmuch as few companies have the internal expert staff needed to perform this function. Moreover, corporate management may prefer to delegate the fiduciary responsibility for investment, and some companies believe that having outside managers reduces some of the problems with respect to pensions in labor negotiations. (more…)

Issues around retirement income planning are the most obvious. The traditional “three-legged stool” of retirement income planning—Social Security, pension income benefit, and income from personal savings and investments—is increasingly unsteady. Social Security faces a funding crisis in the first half of the twenty-first century because soon there may not be enough workers paying into the system to support those receiving its benefits. Social Security income lifts more than one in three older persons out of poverty—more than 60% of them women. It is by far the single most important contributor to financial security in old age in America. (more…)

Employer-sponsored defined benefit pension plans in which the benefit is defined by account value rather than monthly lifetime retirement income. Cash balance plans are often referred to as “hybrids” because they have some of the characteristics of traditional “defined benefit” (DB) pension plans and some of the characteristics of “defined contribution” (DC) plans, such as 401(k). In general, traditional defined benefit plans promise qualified employees an income benefit for life (or some other period) starting at “normal retirement age,” without regard to how much (or little) the employer must contribute to the plan to fund the benefit. Defined contribution plans, on the other hand, promise only how much the employer will contribute to a qualified employee’s account from time to time until the employee retires but they make no promises with regard to investment earnings or results, let alone a monthly income benefit for life. (more…)